Method for preparing and top coating a powder coated wood substrate

ABSTRACT

The invention includes a method for preparing and top coating an item made of powder coated MDF (or other substrate containing wood) with the end result of improved visual and tactile smoothness; the invention includes the steps of cutting and machining the part, pre-powder preparation and sanding of the part, powder coating the part, post-powder preparation and sanding, and applying the liquid top coat to the part, resulting in a smoother finish than is currently available in any other powder coated MDF finish while requiring less coats than similar liquid paint finishes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 15/931,210, filed May 13, 2020, entitled, “Method for Preparing and Top Coating a Powder Coated Wood Substrate,”, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 15/170,520, filed Jun. 1, 2016, entitled “Method for Preparing and Top Coating a Powder Coated Wood Substrate,” which is a division of application Ser. No. 13/795,600 filed Mar. 12, 2014, entitled “Method for Preparing and Top Coating a Powder Coated Wood Substrate”, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,358,580, issued Jun. 7, 2016, all of which are hereby fully incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to a method of powder coating materials. More specifically, the invention relates to a process of taking a part made of powder coated MDF (or other substrate containing wood) and preparing it to accept a top coat of liquid finish, with the end goal of enhancing the final smoothness of finish.

BACKGROUND

Powder coating is a type of coating that is applied as a free-flowing, dry powder. The main difference between a conventional liquid paint and a powder coating is that the powder coating is stored as a solid and does not need to be kept in a liquid form (using such liquids as a water base or solvent) in order to keep the binder and filler particles in suspension. The coating is typically applied electrostatically and is then cured under heat to allow it to flow and form a “skin” around all or part of the substrate. The powder may be a thermoplastic, thermoset, or UV polymer. It is usually used to create a hard finish that is tougher than conventional paint. Powder coating is mainly used for coating of metals, such as household appliances, aluminum extrusions, and automobile and bicycle parts. Newer technologies allow other materials, such as MDF (medium-density fiberboard), to be powder coated using different methods.

There are several advantages of powder coating over conventional liquid coatings:

-   -   1. Powder coatings emit zero or near zero volatile organic         compounds (VOC).     -   2. Powder coatings can produce much thicker coatings in one coat         than conventional liquid coatings without running or sagging.     -   3. Powder coating overspray can be recycled and thus it is         possible to achieve nearly 100% use of the coating.     -   4. Powder coating production lines typically produce less         hazardous waste than conventional liquid coatings.     -   5. A wide range of specialty effects is easily accomplished         which would be impossible to achieve with other coating         processes.

While powder coatings have many advantages over other coating processes, there are some disadvantages to the technology. Although the powder is relatively easy to apply in a single thick coating, a single powder coat is not as smooth as a similarly thick liquid paint finish; however, to achieve a similarly thick liquid paint finish it is necessary to apply multiple coats with sanding between each coat. Furthermore, the application of multiple powder coats serves to further increase the thickness of the coating, but does not reliably enhance the visual or tactile smoothness of the powder coated finish.

Many manufacturers of powder coated MDF have taken various steps in the past in order to improve the smoothness of the finish. Methods include:

-   -   1. Varying the preheat and cure temperature settings     -   2. Additional pre-coating sanding, both manual and automated     -   3. Installation of infrared heaters or UV curing lights at         various points in the powder coating line     -   4. Reformulation of powder used in the coating process     -   5. Polyester versus epoxy base of the powder coating (chemistry         adjustments)     -   6. Increased fineness of powder grind     -   7. Repeated sifting of powder during formulation     -   8. Automated versus hand spraying and measurement of application

The aforementioned methods have indeed resulted in incrementally increased smoothness relative to previously existing methods. Employing any or all of these methods, however, results in a maximum surface smoothness in the 4-6 range on the PCI scale.

In such industries as furniture and cabinetry, there is growing demand for increasingly smooth finishes. Traditionally, this demand has been met through such finishes as laminates, veneers, vinyl wraps, or liquid paints. These traditional finishes have their own shortcomings and powder coated MDF is frequently a more desirable choice for durability or part design needs. However, it is not possible to achieve similar smoothness in powder coated MDF finishes regardless of content or steps.

Therefore, there exists a need for a method of preparing and top coating an item made of powder coated MDF that enhances visual and tactile smoothness.

SUMMARY

The invention relates to a method for preparing and top coating an item made of powder coated MDF in order to enhance visual and tactile smoothness. In one embodiment, the invention includes the steps of cutting and machining the part, pre-powder preparation and sanding of the part, powder coating the part, post-powder preparation and sanding, and applying the liquid top coat to the part.

In another embodiment, the method includes the steps of obtaining a part that is fabricated from a substrate containing wood, cutting and machining the part to a desired size utilizing equipment that has a tolerance that is less than +/−0.030″. Next, the part undergoes pre-powder preparation and sanding by utilizing a sander to smooth the faces and edges of the part, whereby the sander has a Y-axis tolerance of less than 0.003″, and wherein the edges are sanded to a minimum radius of 1/32″ (0.8 mm). Next, the part is powder coated whereby the part is coated with at least 5 mils of coverage about its surfaces and edges. The part then undergoes post-powder preparation and sanding using an abrasive, whereby the edges and faces of the part are sanded to a PCI smoothness of at least 7. Lastly, a liquid top coat is applied to the part to achieve a minimum top coat thickness of 2 wet mils.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention includes a method for powder coating a part to enhance visual and tactile smoothness. The method includes the steps of obtaining a part that is fabricated from medium-density fiberboard, cutting and machining the part to a desired size utilizing equipment that has a tolerance that is less than +/−0.030″, pre-powder preparation and sanding of the part by utilizing a sander to smooth the faces and edges of the part, whereby the sander has a Y-axis tolerance of less than 0.003″, and wherein the edges are sanded to a minimum radius of 1/32″ (0.8 mm), and wherein the part is first sanded with a 220 grit aluminum oxide, silicon carbide media, then sanded with a 280 grit aluminum oxide, silicon carbide media, then sanded with a 320 grit aluminum oxide, silicon carbide media. The part is then powder coated, whereby the part is heated to a consistent temperature to create an electrostatic charge, wherein powder is applied to the part and the part is then allowed to cure, resulting in a part that is coated with at least 5 mils of coverage about its surfaces and edges. Next, the part undergoes post-powder preparation and sanding using an abrasive having a minimum grit size of 15μ, whereby the edges of the part are sanded and whereby the faces of the part are sanded to a PCI smoothness of at least 7. Lastly, a liquid top coat is applied to the part to achieve a minimum top coat thickness of 2 wet mils; whereby the finished part has a PCI smoothness of at least 7.

In yet another alternative embodiment, the invention includes an article having enhanced visual and tactile smoothness. The article comprises a substrate containing wood. A surface coating with PCI smoothness of at least 7 is formed on the surface of the article by the process of cutting and machining the part to a desired size utilizing equipment that has a tolerance that is less than +/−0.030, pre-powder preparation and sanding of the part by utilizing a sander to smooth the faces and edges of the part, whereby the sander has a Y-axis tolerance of less than 0.003″, and wherein the edges are sanded to a minimum radius of 1/32″ (0.8 mm). Next, the part is powder coated whereby the part is coated with at least 5 mils of coverage about its surfaces and edges. Next, the part undergoes post-powder preparation and sanding using an abrasive, whereby the edges and faces of the part are sanded to a PCI smoothness of at least 7. Next, a liquid top coat is applied to the part to achieve a minimum top coat thickness of 2 wet mils. Compared with untreated powder coated MDF, the resulting finish is significantly smoother than other known powder coated finishes.

The idea of a top coat over powder coated MDF in order to enhance surface smoothness is novel and is not known to have been employed before the conception of this invention; further, it results in a smoothness rating in the range of 8-10 on the PCI scale, a smoothness that is not currently attainable with existing powder coated MDF finishes.

The above summary is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the subject matter hereof. The figures and the detailed description that follow more particularly exemplify various embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Subject matter hereof may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments in connection with the accompanying figures, in which:

In order for the advantages of the invention to be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments that are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates MDF parts that have been cut on a CNC router machine;

FIG. 2 illustrates MDF parts that have received the pre-powder coating preparation and sanding steps according to the invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates the step of inserting the powder coated part into the wide belt veneer segmented platen sander according to the invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates orange peel, viewable at an angle, that has been partially sanded down after the wide belt, according to the invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates another view of the sanded orange peel after the wide belt, according to the invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates the step of sanding the part with a random orbital hand sander in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates a view of sanding the edge of the part with a random orbital hand sander in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates a view of sanding the part with a random orbital hand sander wherein the sanding process is almost complete and the part is ready for application of the liquid top coat. There is no more visible orange peel;

FIG. 9 illustrates a view of the part after sanding is complete and ready for liquid top coat;

FIG. 10 illustrates the process steps and decision points in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 11 illustrates examples of inside and outside radii on a powder coated MDF part;

FIG. 12 illustrates the ideal abrasive grit sequences for pre-powder coating sanding in the preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 13 illustrates the ideal abrasive grit sequences for post-powder coating sanding in the preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 illustrates a rank order of the various liquid top coats that have been tested in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 15 illustrates the sanding grit sequences used in the example and comparative examples.

While various embodiments are amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the claimed inventions to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention relates to a method for preparing and top coating an item made of powder coated MDF in order to enhance visual and tactile smoothness. Compared with untreated powder coated MDF, the resulting finish is significantly smoother than existing known methods:

-   -   1. Untreated powder coated MDF is able to achieve a PCI         smoothness of 4-6.     -   2. Top coated over untreated powder coated MDF is able to         achieve a PCI smoothness of 4-6.     -   3. Buffed untreated powder coated MDF is able to achieve a PCI         smoothness of 4-6.     -   4. Top coated over treated powder coated MDF, in accordance with         the present invention, is able to achieve a PCI smoothness of         8-10, by using a liquid top coat to seal the treated surface         finish.

For the purposes of this application, “smoothness” refers to the visual detectability of smoothness or lack of a rough texture, known as “orange peel” in a finished surface. ACT Test Panels Inc. manufacturers the PCI smoothness scale for powder coated finishes. This scale is commonly employed by a wide variety of industries to compare visual smoothness of painted finishes. The scale ranges from 1-10, with 1 being a heavy texture and 10 being completely smooth (glass-like). For the purposes of this application, “failure” is meant to describe a situation resulting in a less-than-ideal finish. Failures can include situations such as sanding through the coating to the bare substrate, or a final smoothness that is less than PCI 8-10; PCI 8-10 is a smoothness range which is higher than is currently attainable with any other existing untreated powder coated MDF finish. For the purposes of this application, “untreated” refers to a standard powder coated MDF part that has not been modified in any way after the standard coating has been applied. “Treated” refers to powder coated MDF parts that have received the additional steps outlined in this application.

The overall process and decision points involved in the present invention is shown in FIG. 10. However, there are five basic steps in the process of the present invention. First, the part is machined and cut to the desired size. Second, the part receives a pre-powder preparation and sanding. Third, the part undergoes a powder coating process. Fourth, the part undergoes post-powder preparation and sanding. Lastly, a liquid top coat is applied to the part. With respect to the process of the present invention, the preferred substrate is MDF; however, similar results can be achieved with the process described on other substrates with wood content (such as high density fiberboard). Therefore, other substrates containing wood could be used while remaining within the scope of the invention.

The first step of cutting and machining the part will now be discussed. In this step, MDF components are machined (cut to drawn shapes and designs) from purchased sheet stock in powder coat grade, available from a variety of milling operations. Parts cut from MDF on a CNC machine are shown in FIG. 1. MDF sheet brands and thicknesses are variable and are not critical to this process. Machining operations generally utilize such equipment as CNC routers, CNC point-to-point drilling/milling equipment, through feed molding machines, shapers, hand routers, panel saws, sliding table saws, and fixed table saws. The parts to be coated can be any shape designed from flat sheet material, provided the design fits within tolerances and parameters outlined herein.

Success of the sanding, preparation, coating, and post-coating processes is dependent on the initial quality of the machining. “Quality of Machining” is defined as:

-   -   In a preferred embodiment, the tolerance of the equipment         cutting the profile is less than +/−0.030″         -   Any cuts outside of tolerance will result in a part that is             larger or smaller than expected in certain places. This             means that, during the post-powder sanding process, there is             a risk of sanding through the powder coat to the raw wood             substrate. This would result in a failure of the part, as             the part would be rendered useless.     -   In a preferred embodiment, tooling for this process is in new         condition         -   Tooling is the equipment that actually makes the cuts in the             wood. It is optimal that the tooling is in new condition so             that it is as sharp and accurate as possible. Otherwise,             inconsistent cuts will result and uneven sanding or top coat             application will be the outcome.     -   In a preferred embodiment, the tooling is constructed of solid         carbide or high speed steel         -   Solid carbide and high speed steel tooling is sharper than             standard diamond tooling, resulting in a smoother and more             reliable cut. Smoother, more reliable cuts result in a more             even surface and decrease the chance or part failure during             post-powder sanding.         -   Standard diamond tooling is less preferred because it is             generally not sharp enough to reliably achieve similar             smoothness of cut required for successful finishing without             imperfections from fiber pop. Fiber pop is a failure wherein             the fibers of the boards “pop up” during heating, resulting             in an uneven surface and increasing the chance of part             failure during post-powder sanding. Although standard             diamond tooling could theoretically be used, it increases             the likelihood of part failure.

The second step of pre-powder coating preparation and sanding of the part will now be discussed. The face and edge preparation treatments are important to the final quality and appearance of the finished parts, and should be considered as part of this invention; this step is material to the invention because omission of the step can leave surface irregularities and contamination on the surface of the board to be coated. These irregularities are subsequently covered by the powder coating but can then be exposed when sanding after powder coating. The result is an increased probability of sanding through to the surface contamination, demonstrating visible speckling or color irregularity and resulting in a part failure. Parts that have been appropriately sanded as described are illustrated in FIG. 2.

In this pre-powder coating preparation and sanding step, the part faces are sanded using a wide belt sander, a wide belt veneer segmented platen sander, a wide orbital machine sander, a random orbital hand sander, or a combination of this sanding (or other surface smoothing) equipment. Grit types and sizes can vary based upon the abrasive manufacturer and the equipment being utilized. The edges are prepared in a similar manner with like grit materials using machine edge sanding equipment utilizing belts, disks, profiled sanding heads or other sanding techniques specific to the machine manufacturer and dictated by suitability with shape of part being sanded. The specific abrasive material, manufacturer, and equipment is not critical and can be varied while remaining within the scope of the invention.

The following steps should ideally be taken to ensure proper pre-powder coating part preparation:

-   -   In a preferred embodiment, abrasive grit sequence is applied in         accordance with the grit sequence table in FIG. 12.     -   In a preferred embodiment, automated edge sanding machines         should have a Y-axis tolerance of less than 0.003″ to avoid         sanding through the powder coated base finish.     -   In a preferred embodiment, manual (hand) sanding equipment         should be held flat (parallel) to the surface being sanded in         order to avoid sanding through the powder coated base finish.     -   In a preferred embodiment, edges generally should not be         designed with deeply machined profiles, as it is generally         necessary for sanding equipment to reach all parts of the face         and edges to achieve uniform quality of finish. Deeply machined         profiles are difficult to reach with sanding equipment,         increasing the probability that an area of the part is left         without being sanded. Regions of the part that are not sanded         can result in a finish that is less than optimal and that has a         higher potential part failure rate. Specific depth parameters         depend upon the sanding equipment being applied, but it is         necessary for the entire part to be sanded, otherwise the top         coat adhesion will fail.     -   In a preferred embodiment, edges of the components should         preferably have a minimum radius of 1/32″ (˜0.8 mm) to avoid         “burning through” the edges with sanding equipment.     -   In a preferred embodiment, inside profiles (also known as radii)         should be designed to accommodate for edge machine sanding         capabilities. FIG. 11 depicts examples of inside and outside         radii. These specific radii criteria are dependent on the type         of edge sanding equipment milling stations available or chosen         at machine purchase.         -   This parameter is important because the part should be             properly sanded in all areas to receive the final liquid top             coat.

The step of powder coating the MDF substrate will now be discussed. There are a variety of known methods to powder coat components machined from MDF. The overall process described herein can be applied to known powder coated MDF finishes in general, regardless of basic powder coating method used. A powder coated MDF finish can be obtained by heating the substrate to a consistent temperature in order to create an electrostatic charge, applying the powder, and allowing it to cure. Alternately, ultraviolet light can be used to coat the part via a UV-cured powder coating process while remaining within the scope of the invention. As previously described, the method of powder coating is not critical to the overall invention described herein. The preferred embodiment in these steps is that surfaces and edges should optimally have at least 7-8 mils of coating coverage; otherwise, post coating sanding may sand through the coating, exposing the raw wood substrate and resulting in a failure.

A main reason why powder coating is critical to the process of the present invention is that powder coating results in a thicker coating per coat on a wood substrate than liquid paints. Furthermore, the powder coated finish is harder than that of a liquid paint, so it can be sanded more consistently without “burning through” the coating. It is theoretically possible that 5-8 mils of paint thickness could be achieved using a liquid paint, but it would require multiple base coats-in many cases, at least 4-6 base coats. Comparatively, powder coatings with a thickness of 5-8 mils can routinely be achieved using a one-pass (one coat) powder coat process.

The step of post-powder preparation and sanding of the coated part will now be discussed. After the powder coat is applied, it is optimal to follow specific steps of the sanding process as described herein in order to achieve the desired finish. This is one of the most critical aspects of the entire process of the present invention.

In the preferred embodiment of this step, the edges of the part are sanded first, using an abrasive method as shown in FIG. 7. The edge sanding equipment and methodology used is variable and can vary based upon the shape of the edge profile by those skilled in the art. In a preferred embodiment, a profile sander is utilized in accordance with grit sequences set forth in FIG. 13 for the corresponding equipment. Successful testing has been conducted as well using a random orbital sander in accordance with the grit sequences set forth in FIG. 13 for the corresponding equipment.

Once the edges of the part has been sanded using the abrasive methods described herein, the face of the part is then ready to be sanded in accordance with abrasive methods demonstrated in FIGS. 3, 6, and 8. The most common machinery employed is one (or a combination) of the following: a wide belt sander, a wide belt veneer segmented platen sander, a wide orbital machine sander, a random orbital hand sander. In a preferred embodiment, the method employs the wide belt veneer segmented platen sander and wide orbital machine sander operated in tandem. Abrasive grit size and sequence is important to this process and varies based upon the abrasive manufacturer and the specific sanding equipment being used. In a preferred embodiment, abrasives with a minimum of 15μ grit size should be used in this step to accomplish proper adhesion of the liquid top coat during the final liquid top coat step. A diagram of preferred embodiment grit size and sequences for this step is set forth in FIG. 13, broken out by sanding equipment being used.

In a preferred embodiment, wide belt veneer segmented platen sanders with the Cross Belt Finish (CBF) technology are employed when sanding the face; this equipment is preferred because it results in the most reliable outcome with the least amount of fallout and required rework, as shown in FIGS. 4-5. This CBF technology is the preferred, but not the only, wide belt veneer segmented platen sander technology that will work for the present invention.

It is possible that a variety of other face and edge sanding (or other surface smoothing) equipment could be utilized while remaining within the scope of the invention, however the specific equipment listed herein has been tested for repeatable success. Further, it is possible to achieve a lesser quality finish (but still smoother than untreated powder coated MDF) using a variety of other equipment, grits, sequences, and process order changes (such as sanding the face before the edges). For example, a PCI smoothness of 7-8 is sporadically possible using different grits and sequences, whereas a PCI smoothness of 8-10 is routinely and reliably attainable using the method described herein.

Once the face and edges achieve the desired smoothness as shown in FIG. 9, the part is ready to accept a liquid top coat. The application of liquid top coat will now be discussed. The liquid top coat should be applied according to manufacturer directions and in a preferred embodiment should be applied to a minimum thickness of 2 wet mils; some variation in final thickness is created by the type of liquid finish used and the application process. An inferior finish can be obtained using top coat coverage of less than 2 wet mils. Automated processes typically receive 2 wet mils of coverage, and manual processes typically receive 3-5 wet mils of coverage. In a preferred embodiment, several specific steps should be taken as part of the liquid top coat step of this described process:

-   -   The entire part is wiped using a lint free towel and isopropyl         alcohol.     -   The surface is deionized to avoid attraction of dust and other         foreign particles. Otherwise the final top coat may be         contaminated.     -   One coat is sufficient for automated or manual application         processes, however two coats can be applied for a more robust or         lustered finish. Light sanding is necessary if a second coat is         applied.

See FIG. 14 for a diagram of several liquid top coats that have been tested for use in the invention. Although this is not a comprehensive list of all liquid top coats that will work with the invention, it is ranked in order of desirability of those currently tested for use with the process. In a preferred embodiment, pre-catalyzed lacquers or post-catalyzed conversion varnishes are used as the liquid top coat. Furthermore, although the examples described herein often refer to clear liquid top coats, it is not essential to the success of the invention that the liquid top coat explicitly be clear in color. For example, tinted liquid top coats or those containing color pigments can also work successfully with the invention.

A top coat applied to powder coated MDF, without the specific treatments outlined in this application, would result in a similar PCI smoothness number as the untreated part. Simply sanding the powder coated MDF part, without application of a top coat, will result in a “chalky”, delicate finish that does not have the durability characteristics of either the untreated or final top coated part. Furthermore, a wide variety of abrasive grit numbers and sequences have been tested; those grit numbers and sequences not outlined in this application either result in lesser smoothness ratings or result in a coating failure. The only known method to improve PCI smoothness of a powder coated MDF finish is to follow the pre- and post-coating steps as well as the abrasive grit number and sequences outlined in this application.

Example 1

A sheet of powder coat grade MDF is cut by a CNC router with new condition solid carbide tooling into a rectangle with dimensions of 12″W, 18″L, 0.75″ thickness. Edge profiles are shaped to 1/16″ radius and the part is sanded using an automated sanding machine. The part is powder coated to a thickness of 8 mils using a white epoxy thermoset powder. At this point, the powder coated part has a PCI smoothness of 5-6. After powder coating, the coated part is sanded with a veneer segmented platen sander and wide orbital machine sander operated in tandem. An abrasive grit sequence is followed with the corresponding piece of equipment as represented in FIG. 15.

After the above sanding sequences, a 5 mil 85 degree gloss pre-catalyzed clear lacquer top coat is manually applied to the part. The resulting part has a PCI smoothness of 10 and the visual depth of a 5-coat wet sanded liquid paint finish.

Comparative Example 1a

A sheet of powder coat grade MDF is cut by a CNC router with new condition solid carbide tooling into a rectangle with dimensions of 12″W, 18″L, 0.75″ thickness. Edge profiles are shaped to 1/16″ radius and the part is sanded using an automated sanding machine. The part is powder coated to a thickness of 8 mils using a white epoxy thermoset powder. At this point, the powder coated part has a PCI smoothness of 5-6. Without first sanding the powder coated part, a 5 mil 85 degree gloss pre-catalyzed clear lacquer top coat is manually applied. The resulting part has an unchanged PCI smoothness of 5-6.

Comparative Example 1b

A sheet of powder coat grade MDF is cut by a CNC router with new condition solid carbide tooling into a rectangle with dimensions of 12″W, 18″L, 0.75″ thickness. Edge profiles are shaped to 1/16″ radius and the part is sanded using an automated sanding machine. The part is powder coated to a thickness of 8 mils using a white epoxy thermoset powder. At this point, the powder coated part has a PCI smoothness of 5-6. After powder coating, the coated part is sanded with a veneer segmented platen sander and wide orbital machine sander operated in tandem. An abrasive grit sequence is followed with the corresponding piece of equipment as represented in FIG. 15.

However, unlike example 1, this part is left without the application of a clear liquid top coat. The resulting part has a PCI smoothness of 9-10; however, the gloss level cannot be controlled and the finish is chalky. It would not hold up to any end-product use without further surface treatment, and has no discernible finish depth. While the present invention has been fully described above with particularity and detail in connection with what is presently deemed to be the most practical and preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications, including, but not limited to, variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use may be made, without departing from the principles and concepts of the invention as set forth in the claims.

Various embodiments of systems, devices, and methods have been described herein. These embodiments are given only by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed inventions. It should be appreciated, moreover, that the various features of the embodiments that have been described may be combined in various ways to produce numerous additional embodiments. Moreover, while various materials, dimensions, shapes, configurations and locations, etc. have been described for use with disclosed embodiments, others besides those disclosed may be utilized without exceeding the scope of the claimed inventions.

Persons of ordinary skill in the relevant arts will recognize that the subject matter hereof may comprise fewer features than illustrated in any individual embodiment described above. The embodiments described herein are not meant to be an exhaustive presentation of the ways in which the various features of the subject matter hereof may be combined. Accordingly, the embodiments are not mutually exclusive combinations of features; rather, the various embodiments can comprise a combination of different individual features selected from different individual embodiments, as understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, elements described with respect to one embodiment can be implemented in other embodiments even when not described in such embodiments unless otherwise noted.

Although a dependent claim may refer in the claims to a specific combination with one or more other claims, other embodiments can also include a combination of the dependent claim with the subject matter of each other dependent claim or a combination of one or more features with other dependent or independent claims. Such combinations are proposed herein unless it is stated that a specific combination is not intended.

Any incorporation by reference of documents above is limited such that no subject matter is incorporated that is contrary to the explicit disclosure herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is further limited such that no claims included in the documents are incorporated by reference herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is yet further limited such that any definitions provided in the documents are not incorporated by reference herein unless expressly included herein.

For purposes of interpreting the claims, it is expressly intended that the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) are not to be invoked unless the specific terms “means for” or “step for” are recited in a claim. 

1. (canceled)
 2. A method of manufacturing an article, the method comprising: obtaining or producing a substrate of a desired size and shape; applying an inner coating layer of fused powder coating overlying and bonded to the substrate; and applying an outer coating layer of liquid finish overlying and bonded to the powder coating wherein a resulting finish has improved PCI smoothness and improved visual and tactile smoothness as compared to another powder coated article without the liquid finish.
 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising selecting the substrate to contain a wood product that is selected from a group consisting of wood, medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and high-density fiberboard (HDF).
 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising applying the powder coat surface coating to be least 5 mils in thickness and to have a PCI smoothness of at least
 6. 5. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising selecting the powder coat surface coating to comprise an ultraviolet cured powder coating material, a thermoplastic powder coating material, thermoset powder coating material, or UV polymer powder coating material.
 6. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising selecting the liquid finish to be a pre-catalyzed lacquer, a post-catalyzed conversion varnish or to incorporate color pigment.
 7. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising applying the liquid finish to have a PCI smoothness of at least
 8. 8. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising applying the liquid finish to achieve a minimum top coat thickness of 2 wet mils.
 9. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising applying the liquid finish to achieve a PCI smoothness of 10 and a visual depth equivalent to a five coat wet sanded liquid paint finish.
 10. A method of finishing an article, the method comprising: receiving a substrate of a desired size and shape with a pre-applied inner coating layer of fused powder coating overlying and bonded to the substrate; and applying an outer coating layer of liquid finish overlying and bonded to the powder coating wherein a resulting finish has improved PCI smoothness and improved visual and tactile smoothness as compared to another powder coated article without the liquid finish.
 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, further comprising receiving the substrate wherein the substrate comprises a wood product that is selected from a group consisting of wood, medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and high-density fiberboard (HDF).
 12. The method as claimed in claim 10, further comprising receiving the substrate wherein the powder coat surface coating is least 5 mils in thickness and has a PCI smoothness of at least
 6. 13. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising receiving the substrate wherein the powder coat surface coating includes an ultraviolet cured powder coating material, a thermoplastic powder coating material, thermoset powder coating material, or UV polymer powder coating material.
 14. The method as claimed in claim 10, further comprising selecting the liquid finish to be a pre-catalyzed lacquer, a post-catalyzed conversion varnish or to incorporate color pigment.
 15. The method as claimed in claim 10, further comprising applying the liquid finish to have a PCI smoothness of at least
 8. 16. The method as claimed in claim 10, further comprising applying the liquid finish to achieve a minimum top coat thickness of 2 wet mils.
 17. The method as claimed in claim 10, further comprising applying the liquid finish to achieve a PCI smoothness of 10 and a visual depth equivalent to a five coat wet sanded liquid paint finish. 